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Hyperekplexia, also known as startle disease, is a rare neurological disorder that causes an exaggerated startle response to unexpected stimuli. The startle response can be so severe that it causes the person to fall or become rigid. Hyperekplexia is usually present at birth or develops in the first few months of life, and it can affect both muscle movement and cognitive function.
The condition is caused by mutations in genes that control the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including glycine and GABA. These neurotransmitters help regulate muscle movement and reduce the severity of the startle response. When there is a dysfunction in the release of these neurotransmitters, it can lead to the exaggerated startle response seen in hyperekplexia.
Symptoms of hyperekplexia can include muscle stiffness, exaggerated startle response, and an increased risk of falling. In severe cases, hyperekplexia can cause breathing difficulties, seizures, and developmental delays. Treatment typically involves the use of medication to help control muscle movements and reduce the severity of the startle response. In some cases, physical therapy or occupational therapy may also be recommended to help improve muscle strength and coordination.