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The sigmoid colon is a section of the large intestine that is located just before the rectum. It is named after its S-shape or sigmoid shape. The sigmoid colon is responsible for the final stages of digestion and absorption of water and electrolytes from fecal matter, which helps to form solid feces.
The sigmoid colon is approximately 40 to 50 centimeters long and has a diameter of around 4 centimeters. It is located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen and is continuous with the descending colon above and the rectum below.
The sigmoid colon plays an important role in the elimination of waste from the body. When stool enters the sigmoid colon, its water content is gradually absorbed, which makes the stool more solid. The muscles of the sigmoid colon then contract to push the stool towards the rectum and ultimately out of the body during a bowel movement.
Diseases and conditions that affect the sigmoid colon can include diverticulitis, sigmoid colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Treatment options can range from medication to surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.