The color of urine can provide important information about a person's health and hydration level. Normally, urine is a pale yellow or straw-colored liquid, but variations in color can be due to various factors.

Some common causes of changes in urine color include:

• Dehydration: When the body is dehydrated, urine can appear darker and more concentrated.
• Diet: Certain foods and beverages, such as beets, berries, and certain medications, can cause urine to appear pink, red, or purple. Vitamins and supplements can also affect urine color.
• Liver or kidney problems: If the urine appears brown, it may be a sign of liver disease or a problem with the bile duct. If the urine appears dark yellow or brown, it may be a sign of kidney disease.
• Infection: If the urine appears cloudy or has a strong odor, it may be a sign of a urinary tract infection or other infection.
• Bleeding: If the urine appears pink, red, or brown, it may be a sign of blood in the urine, which can be caused by a urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or other medical conditions.

In general, changes in urine color should be evaluated by a healthcare provider if they persist or are accompanied by other symptoms such as pain, fever, or difficulty urinating. In some cases, additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause of the color change and appropriate treatment.

Discolored urine is often caused by medications, certain foods or food dyes. In some cases, though, changes in urine color can be caused by specific health problems.

The color categories here are approximate, because what looks like red to you might look like orange to someone else.

Red or pink urine

Despite its alarming appearance, red urine isn't necessarily serious. Red or pink urine can be caused by:

• Blood. Factors that can cause urinary blood (hematuria) include urinary tract infections, an enlarged prostate, cancerous and noncancerous tumors, kidney cysts, long-distance running, and kidney or bladder stones.
• Foods. Beets, blackberries and rhubarb can turn urine red or pink.
• Medications. Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane), an antibiotic often used to treat tuberculosis, can turn urine reddish orange — as can phenazopyridine (Pyridium), a drug that numbs urinary tract discomfort, and laxatives containing senna.

Orange urine

Orange urine can result from:

• Medications. Medications that can turn urine orange include the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine (Azulfidine); phenazopyridine (Pyridium); some laxatives; and certain chemotherapy drugs.
• Medical conditions. In some cases, orange urine can indicate a problem with your liver or bile duct, especially if you also have light-colored stools. Dehydration, which can concentrate your urine and make it much deeper in color, can also make your urine appear orange.

Blue or green urine

Blue or green urine can be caused by:

• Dyes. Some brightly colored food dyes can cause green urine. Dyes used for some tests of kidney and bladder function can turn urine blue.
• Medications. A number of medications produce blue or green urine, including amitriptyline, indomethacin (Indocin, Tivorbex) and propofol (Diprivan).
• Medical conditions. Familial benign hypercalcemia, a rare inherited disorder, is sometimes called blue diaper syndrome because children with the disorder have blue urine. Green urine sometimes occurs during urinary tract infections caused by pseudomonas bacteria.

Dark brown or cola-colored urine

Brown urine can result from:

• Food. Eating large amounts of fava beans, rhubarb or aloe can cause dark brown urine.
• Medications. A number of drugs can darken urine, including the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and primaquine, the antibiotics metronidazole (Flagyl) and nitrofurantoin (Furadantin), laxatives containing cascara or senna, and methocarbamol — a muscle relaxant.
• Medical conditions. Some liver and kidney disorders and some urinary tract infections can turn urine dark brown.
• Extreme exercise. Muscle injury from extreme exercise can result in pink or cola-colored urine and kidney damage.

Cloudy or murky urine

Urinary tract infections and kidney stones can cause urine to appear cloudy or murky.

Treatment, if needed, will depend on the condition that causes the change in urine color.