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Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant loss of blood after childbirth, typically defined as bleeding that exceeds 500 mL following a vaginal delivery or 1000 mL following a cesarean delivery. It is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries.
PPH can be caused by a variety of factors, including uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract after delivery), lacerations or tears in the birth canal or cervix, retained placental tissue, or coagulation disorders. Women who have a history of PPH or who undergo multiple pregnancies, have large babies, or have a prolonged or complicated labor are at increased risk of PPH.
Treatment for PPH depends on the severity of the bleeding and the underlying cause. In mild cases, the bleeding may be managed with medications to stimulate uterine contractions, such as oxytocin or misoprostol, and by monitoring the woman's vital signs and blood loss. In more severe cases, surgical intervention such as manual removal of the placenta or uterine artery embolization may be necessary. In rare cases, a hysterectomy may be required to stop the bleeding.
Prevention of PPH is key to reducing maternal mortality rates. This may involve identifying and addressing risk factors during prenatal care, preparing for potential complications during delivery, and having access to appropriate medical care and interventions when needed. In some cases, prophylactic medications may be given during labor to reduce the risk of PPH. Early recognition and prompt treatment of PPH is crucial for ensuring the best possible outcome for both the mother and baby.