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Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection that affects the kidneys. It is usually caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) that infects the urethra and travels up to the kidneys. Women are more commonly affected than men.
Symptoms of pyelonephritis can include fever, chills, back or flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and frequent urination. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, cloudy urine, and a strong, persistent urge to urinate.
Diagnosis of pyelonephritis may involve a physical examination, blood tests, urine culture, and imaging tests, such as a CT scan or ultrasound. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, which are selected based on the specific bacteria causing the infection and the severity of symptoms. Hospitalization may be required for severe cases, such as in individuals who are pregnant, have compromised immune systems, or are experiencing complications such as sepsis.
Prevention of pyelonephritis involves maintaining good hygiene, drinking plenty of fluids, and emptying the bladder frequently, especially after sexual intercourse. In addition, individuals with recurrent pyelonephritis or anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract may benefit from further evaluation and management by a healthcare provider.