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Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, are a form of hormonal contraception that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which work together to suppress ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less receptive to implantation.
There are two types of oral contraceptives: combined oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain both estrogen and progestin, and progestin-only pills (POPs), which contain only progestin. COCs are the most commonly used form of oral contraceptive and are available in various formulations, including monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills.
Oral contraceptives are highly effective when taken correctly, with a failure rate of less than 1% in typical use. However, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and may increase the risk of certain health problems, such as blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer. Women who smoke, have a history of blood clots or certain cancers, or have uncontrolled high blood pressure should not use oral contraceptives.
Common side effects of oral contraceptives may include nausea, headache, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. These side effects are usually mild and go away within a few months of starting the pill. In rare cases, serious side effects such as blood clots, liver problems, or allergic reactions may occur.
Oral contraceptives are available only with a prescription from a healthcare provider. Women who are considering oral contraceptives should talk to their healthcare provider to determine whether they are a good option for them based on their individual health history and lifestyle.