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Familial hypophosphatemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that affects the regulation of phosphate in the body. It is characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications.
FH is caused by mutations in the genes that regulate the production and function of a hormone called fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which is responsible for regulating the levels of phosphate in the blood. When FGF23 is overproduced or abnormally functioning due to mutations in the associated genes, it can cause excessive loss of phosphate from the body and lead to the symptoms of FH.
The symptoms of FH can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Some common symptoms include bone pain, muscle weakness, dental problems, short stature, and bowed legs. Complications of FH can include osteomalacia (softening of the bones), osteoporosis (weakened bones), and fractures.
Treatment for FH typically involves replacing the missing phosphate in the body with phosphate supplements, which can help to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Other treatments may include vitamin D supplements to improve the absorption of phosphate in the body, and medications that can help to regulate the production and function of FGF23.
Management of FH may also involve regular monitoring of bone health, kidney function, and growth and development in children. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.