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Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients that work together to promote healthy bones and teeth. A deficiency in either of these nutrients can lead to a range of health problems.
Calcium is necessary for bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. A deficiency in calcium can lead to weak bones (osteoporosis), muscle cramps, and a higher risk of fractures.
Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium and the regulation of calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to weak bones, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
Causes of calcium and vitamin D deficiencies include poor dietary intake, lack of sun exposure, malabsorption, and certain medical conditions. People who follow a vegan or vegetarian diet, or who are lactose intolerant, may be at higher risk of calcium deficiency. Those who live in northern latitudes, who wear clothing that covers most of their skin, or who spend most of their time indoors, may be at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency.
Treatment for calcium and vitamin D deficiencies typically involves increasing intake through dietary changes or supplementation. Calcium can be found in dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods. Vitamin D can be found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods. Sun exposure can also help the body produce vitamin D.
It is important to work with a healthcare provider to diagnose and treat nutrient deficiencies, as too much of certain nutrients can also be harmful. In some cases, excess calcium can lead to kidney stones or other health problems, and excess vitamin D can cause gastrointestinal upset or hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood).