Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children and adolescents and can continue into adulthood. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

The exact causes of ADHD are not yet fully understood, but a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors is thought to play a role.

Common symptoms of ADHD in children include:

• Difficulty paying attention or staying focused
• Easily distracted
• Fidgeting or squirming
• Difficulty staying seated
• Excessive talking
• Interrupting others
• Impulsive behavior (such as acting without thinking)

Diagnosis of ADHD in children typically involves a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, including a medical history, behavioral assessment, and sometimes neuropsychological testing.

Treatment for ADHD in children typically involves a combination of medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes. Medications such as stimulants and non-stimulants can be effective in managing symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Behavioral therapy can help children learn coping strategies and improve their behavior and social skills. Lifestyle changes, such as getting regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep, can also help manage symptoms.

It's important to remember that every child with ADHD is unique and may require a personalized approach to treatment. If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD, it's important to work with a healthcare professional to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to your child's individual needs.

While the exact cause of ADHD is not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development of ADHD include genetics, the environment or problems with the central nervous system at key moments in development.

To help reduce your child's risk of ADHD:

• During pregnancy, avoid anything that could harm fetal development. For example, don't drink alcohol, use recreational drugs or smoke cigarettes.
• Protect your child from exposure to pollutants and toxins, including cigarette smoke and lead paint.
• Limit screen time. Although still unproved, it may be prudent for children to avoid excessive exposure to TV and video games in the first five years of life.

Standard treatments for ADHD in children include medications, behavior therapy, counseling and education services. These treatments can relieve many of the symptoms of ADHD, but they don't cure it. It may take some time to determine what works best for your child.

Stimulant medications

Currently, stimulant drugs (psychostimulants) are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. Stimulants appear to boost and balance levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. These medications help improve the signs and symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity — sometimes effectively in a short period of time.