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Parenteral fat emulsions are sterile, isotonic solutions used for intravenous administration to provide a source of energy and essential fatty acids to patients who are unable to eat or tolerate oral nutrition. They are commonly used in hospital settings to provide nutritional support to patients who are critically ill or undergoing surgery.
The primary component of parenteral fat emulsions is a mixture of soybean oil and egg phospholipids, which are emulsified to create a stable suspension in water. Other ingredients may be added, such as glycerol, lecithin, and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), to stabilize the emulsion and provide additional nutrients.
Parenteral fat emulsions are typically administered through a central venous catheter to minimize the risk of infusion-related complications such as phlebitis or thrombosis. The rate of infusion and the total volume administered are determined by the patient's nutritional requirements, weight, and clinical status.
Although parenteral fat emulsions are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can cause adverse reactions in some patients. These may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, and allergic reactions. Rarely, more serious complications such as lipid overload syndrome, which can cause respiratory distress and other complications, can occur.
Therefore, parenteral fat emulsions are prescribed and administered under the supervision of a healthcare provider who is experienced in the management of parenteral nutrition.