Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus, which is called the endometrium. It is also known as uterine cancer. Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system and is often diagnosed in postmenopausal women.
The exact cause of endometrial cancer is not known, but certain factors increase the risk of developing the disease. These factors include:
- Age: Endometrial cancer is more common in women who are postmenopausal.
- Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of endometrial cancer because excess fat cells produce estrogen, which can stimulate the growth of the endometrium.
- Hormonal imbalances: An imbalance in the hormones estrogen and progesterone can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
- Family history: Women with a family history of endometrial cancer or other types of cancer are at higher risk.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS have a higher risk of endometrial cancer due to hormonal imbalances.
- Tamoxifen: Women who have taken tamoxifen, a medication used to treat breast cancer, have an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer.
Symptoms of endometrial cancer can include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after menopause, or heavier than usual periods.
- Pelvic pain or discomfort.
- Abnormal vaginal discharge.
- Pain during sex.
- Enlarged uterus.
Diagnosis of endometrial cancer involves a combination of medical history, physical exam, and tests, including:
- Transvaginal ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of the uterus and can help detect any abnormalities.
- Biopsy: A small sample of the endometrial tissue is taken and examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
- Hysteroscopy: This test involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through the vagina and cervix to examine the inside of the uterus.
- Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI, and PET scans can help determine the extent of the cancer.
Treatment of endometrial cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and may include:
- Surgery: The most common treatment for endometrial cancer is a hysterectomy, which involves removing the uterus and cervix.
- Radiation therapy: This treatment uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: This treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Hormone therapy: This treatment uses hormones to block the effects of estrogen and progesterone and stop the growth of cancer cells.
Endometrial cancer can be a serious condition, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. Women should talk to their healthcare provider about their risk factors for endometrial cancer and the need for regular screening tests.