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Anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as anemia of renal disease, is a type of anemia that commonly occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease. The kidneys are responsible for producing a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In CKD, the kidneys are damaged and produce less EPO, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells and subsequently, anemia.
Anemia of chronic renal failure is a common complication in patients with CKD and its severity is associated with the degree of kidney function decline. It is estimated that up to 50-60% of patients with CKD have anemia. Anemia can worsen symptoms and quality of life in CKD patients, and is also associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and mortality.
The diagnosis of anemia of chronic renal failure is made based on laboratory tests that show a low hemoglobin level and decreased red blood cell count. Treatment of anemia in CKD typically involves the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), which are synthetic versions of EPO that stimulate the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Iron supplementation may also be necessary to support red blood cell production.
However, the use of ESAs in anemia of chronic renal failure is not without risks, including a risk of cardiovascular events, stroke, and increased mortality. As such, treatment is typically individualized and carefully monitored to balance the risks and benefits.
In addition to medical treatment, managing anemia in CKD may also involve addressing underlying factors that contribute to anemia, such as nutritional deficiencies or inflammation. Patients with CKD should work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive treatment plan for anemia and other complications of CKD.