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Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma species of flatworms. It is a chronic disease that affects millions of people in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and Asia.
Schistosoma parasites live in freshwater snails and infect humans who come into contact with contaminated water while swimming, bathing, or washing clothes. The parasite penetrates the skin and migrates to the liver and intestines, where it lays eggs. The eggs can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and scarring, leading to chronic health problems.
Symptoms of schistosomiasis vary depending on the stage of the infection, but they can include a rash, fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood in the urine. Chronic infection can lead to serious complications such as liver damage, bladder cancer, and an increased risk of HIV infection.
The diagnosis of schistosomiasis is usually made by detecting eggs in stool or urine samples. Treatment involves medication to kill the parasite, such as praziquantel, which is effective against all Schistosoma species. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove large deposits of eggs.
Prevention measures for schistosomiasis include avoiding contact with contaminated water, wearing protective clothing while swimming or bathing, and practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands with soap and water. Controlling the snail population in water sources and providing access to safe drinking water can also help reduce the spread of the disease.