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Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition in which a blood clot, usually originating in the deep veins of the leg (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), travels through the bloodstream and lodges in one of the pulmonary arteries, causing a blockage. This blockage can reduce or even completely cut off blood flow to the lung tissue, leading to serious complications such as heart failure or damage to the lung tissue.
The most common symptoms of PE include sudden onset of shortness of breath, chest pain (usually sharp or stabbing), cough, and rapid heartbeat. Other symptoms may include fever, sweating, lightheadedness, and leg swelling or pain. However, not everyone with PE will experience these symptoms, and some people may not have any symptoms at all.
Risk factors for developing PE include a history of DVT, recent surgery or immobilization, cancer, obesity, smoking, hormonal birth control or hormone therapy, and a family history of blood clots. Diagnosis of PE is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as CT angiography or a ventilation-perfusion scan, and blood tests to detect markers of clotting.
Treatment for PE typically involves anticoagulant medication, which helps to prevent further clot formation and allows the body's natural clot-dissolving mechanisms to work. In some cases, additional interventions may be necessary, such as mechanical thrombectomy or placement of a filter to prevent further clots from traveling to the lungs. Oxygen therapy and pain management may also be necessary for symptom relief.
It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect you or someone else may be experiencing symptoms of PE, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and prevent serious complications.